OUR GREAT MINDS

    by Tina Olivero

    Blue Hydrogen Can be Carbon Neutral with CCUS

    Atmospheric carbon dioxide remains high. Climate change is affecting the earth’s weather and climate systems. There’s rising urgency to find solutions to reduce carbon emissions and the greenhouse effect. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) are emerging as a sustainable solution for three main reasons:

    • Fossil fuels are essential to life as we know it, now and for the foreseeable future
    • Industrial processes that produce the goods we need also produce large amounts of carbon
    • Hydrogen is gaining popularity for use as a fuel source because it emits no carbon dioxide when burned

    Why CCUS?  As Hydrogen gains popularity as an alternative fuel, it can still be a carbon-intensive production process diluting the overall carbon reduction benefits. 

    Producing hydrogen from coal or natural gas – known as “brown” and “gray” hydrogen, respectively – is a carbon-intensive process. “Green” hydrogen, produced from water using renewable energy, is carbon-free, but currently very expensive. One interim alternative is “blue” hydrogen, made from natural gas, where the byproduct, carbon dioxide, is captured before it enters the atmosphere. 

    CCUS reduces emissions from oil and gas and industrial processes. And, it is the key to allowing blue hydrogen to be “blue.” It is the only method to capture and permanently store the carbon emissions produced when natural gas is converted to hydrogen. To permanently store this captured carbon, wells are drilled down into porous rock formations and carbon dioxide is injected into these formations, so it remains trapped by layers of rock deep underground essentially forever. 

    CCUS is a practical technology that has been proven in concept and small-scale demonstration projects. Now, the need is for projects to move from the demonstration-scale to the industrial scale. 

    Much of the necessary technology and knowledge to permanently store captured CO2 is already available through the oil and gas sector’s knowledge and expertise over the past century. This includes understanding sedimentary rock geology, finding porous rock deep beneath the surface, then accessing that through drilling. The oil industry is also familiar with injecting CO2 into rock formations to extract more hydrocarbons. 

    Two areas of knowledge are particularly necessary for enabling CCUS to become the world-changing solution it can be.

    1.  Finding and evaluating CCUS opportunities

    The first area of expertise needed is geological expertise to search for and evaluate geological formations suitable for CCUS and to define injection and monitoring plans. 

    The oil and gas sector is long familiar with this kind of search. It has evolved sophisticated tools, including seismic exploration, to build a picture of the underground environment. Petroleum geoscientists use these technologies to find porous rock formations covered by impenetrable layers of rock, which in some cases, trap hydrocarbons. 

    CCUS uses similar technologies to find porous rock bodies situated in such a way that the injected CO2 will remain in place rather than migrating to the surface. It’s oil patch geology, in reverse. 

    One good thing about CCUS is that rock formations don’t need to contain hydrocarbons to be used for CO2 storage. Hence, CCUS has the potential to work in sedimentary geology that might not be hydrocarbon sources. This means that if there is a central source of CO2 – an industrial complex, perhaps, or a cement-manufacturing facility – there is a chance that a CCUS-friendly rock formation will be available within a reasonable distance. 

    Much of the knowledge and technology needed for CCUS is readily available, from geological research performed by governments to existing oil and gas exploration technologies that can be readily repurposed to find CCUS sites. 

    CCUS sites require more than good geology. One requirement is proximity to sources of CO2, possibly in a “hub” layout where pipelines carry CO2 from various producers to a central site for injection underground. Carbon dioxide is best pipelined at a “supercritical” state, at higher temperatures and pressures, where it is dense like a liquid but flows more like a gas. Because of this, it is uneconomic to transport for long distances. Other feasibility factors include the availability of electricity from renewable sources to power the pumps and other equipment to reduce the carbon footprint further.

    2. Proving it with measurement, monitoring, and verification

    Companies undertaking CCUS projects must ensure that their project can sequester the expected amounts of CO2 at the projected rate and cost. They also need to show stakeholders – including financial sources, shareholders, governments, and the general public – that the project will safely store the carbon dioxide underground in the long term. Without these assurances, project credibility can be lost. Thus, the rise of measurement, monitoring, and verification (MMV) as a discipline. Like site selection, MMV requires a wide range of skill sets. It also requires credibility and work by an independent, trusted third party with the necessary skilled professionals on staff. 

    Professional firms such as GHD can bring in a wide range of skill-sets – sedimentary geology, well engineering, pipeline design, facilities design, and others. We can also be a significant help in site selection, MMV, and guiding CCUS projects to successful completion.

    CCUS time is now

    The future’s bright for CCUS.  There’s an increased sense of urgency, more funding is available, and companies are under increasing pressure to get results around Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) benchmarks. CCUS is a technology whose time is now, and the need has never been greater.

    About the Author: 

    Michelle Pittenger is a geologist with 30 years of experience in finding and developing hydrocarbon and CO2 sequestration resources. She has worked across the US from the deepwater offshore Gulf of Mexico to the Illinois Basin, as well as in North Africa, the Middle East, and Canada. Michelle spent 29 years at ConocoPhillips in various positions, including Deepwater and Unconventional development, Subsurface Technology, and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). She was the geologic lead for both Sweeny IGCC/CCUS (Texas, USA) and Hancock County Deep Carbon Storage (Kentucky, USA) demonstration projects.

    Tina Olivero

    30 years ago, Tina Olivero looked into the future and saw an opportunity to make a difference for her province and people. That difference came in the form of the oil and gas sector. Six years before there was even a drop of oil brought to the shores of Newfoundland, she founded The Oil and Gas Magazine (THE OGM) from a back room in her home on Signal Hill Road, in St. John’s, Newfoundland. A single mother, no financing, no previous journalism or oil and gas experience, she forged ahead, with a creative vision and one heck of a heaping dose of sheer determination. With her pioneering spirit, Ms. Olivero developed a magazine that would educate, inspire, motivate and entertain oil and gas readers around the world — She prides herself in marketing and promoting our province and resources in unprecedented ways. The OGM is a magazine that focuses on our projects, our people, our opportunities and ultimately becomes the bridge to new energy outcomes and a sustainable new energy world. Now diversifying into the communications realms, a natural progression from the Magazine, The OGM now offers an entirely new division - Oil & Gas Media. Today, The Oil and Gas Magazine is a global phenomenon that operates not only in Newfoundland, but also in Calgary and is read by oil and gas enthusiasts in Norway, Aberdeen, across the US and as far reaching as Abu Dhabi, in the Middle East. Believing that Energy is everyone’s business, Ms. Olivero has combined energy + culture to embrace the worlds commitment to a balance of work and home life as well as fostering a foundation for health and well being. In this era of growth and development business and lifestyle are an eloquent mix, there is no beginning or end. Partnering with over 90 oil and gas exhibitions and conferences around the world, Ms. Olivero's role as a Global Visionary is to embrace communication in a way that fosters oil and gas business and industry growth in new and creative ways.

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